The wide range of methods and approaches to optimizing the activities of medical institutions provides healthcare organizers with both an opportunity to select and introduce the most effective solutions, as well as systematic challenges when creating a unified strategy to coordinate efforts and manage resources. To improve the quality of medical care for the population, the Russian Ministry of Health and Federal Service for Surveillance in Healthcare are implementing a range of measures that prioritize a patient-focused approach and the efficiency and safety of services. What criteria and indicators of the accessibility and quality of medical care are most important when analysing and evaluating the performance of the healthcare system? How does effective interaction between citizens and the state affect the assessment and introduction of new methods for prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation? What challenges do healthcare experts face when organizing interagency interaction?