Retaining human capital is one of the Russian government’s priority goals, particularly in the context of the current challenges and the need to strengthen the country’s socio-demographic and economic security. The Russian president gave instructions to launch the national projects ‘A Long and Active Life’ and ‘New Health Protection Technologies’ in 2025. These projects aim to thoroughly modernize the healthcare system, develop science, support the pharmaceutical industry, and strengthen the culture of a healthy lifestyle, which includes a wide range of important tasks, from the creation of an innovative environment that protects people’s health to the development of new biomedical and cognitive technologies for active longevity and to combat chronic diseases. What goals and objectives should be implemented as part of the new national projects that seek to retain human capital? Why is health protection a fundamental factor and driving force for sustainable development and the retention of human capital? How should the government, science, business, and the population work together for the effective implementation of the national health protection strategy? Which health protection technologies have proven to be the most promising? What challenges do the government and the healthcare system face in improving public health and introducing practices for active longevity?